During the draft stage of my latest book, A
Tarnished Knight, I was unsure if my western hero would carry a billfold
with paper money or a purse with coins. In the TV westerns I grew up with,
respectable business men and gamblers seemed to carry billfolds while the rest
of the men carried coins in their pockets.
After some research I discovered that paper money
was not used on the frontier.
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| Spanish Dollar- 1821 |
Gold or silver coins were used for purchases, and
there wasn’t much use for anything smaller than a quarter--two bits. The term came
from the Spanish-colonial milled dollar. Instead of dividing them into halves
and quarters like our dollar, they were broken into eight reales,
(pronounced ree-ahl) or eight “bits” which were call “pieces of eight.” They
were a small silver coin, and worth 0.12 ½ cents. Hence, two bits became a quarter. The half-bit, 0.6 ¼ cents, known as the medio, fip, or picayune was also
widely used, especially in Louisiana.
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| Mexican peso-1856 |
Pesos and the big Mexican “’dobe dollars” were
also popular until 1857 when the U.S, government banned the use of foreign
coins.
In Kansas and Nebraska, Wildcat banks began
printing script, but did not have the assets to cover the script issued and
consequently failed, leaving the public holding worthless paper. Later, useless
Confederate money only added to the suspicion of anything paper, including government
bills (called Greenbacks) and the fractional currency used in place of coins.
In California private mints created gold pieces
from a half-dollar, to a dollar, to the large, eight-sided, fifty dollar gold
piece known as a “slug.”
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| Private Collection-used with permission |
The gold dollar became available in the 1850’s
with a
Liberty head on one side and a wreath surrounding the number one on the reverse. In 1854 the Liberty head was changed to an Indian wearing a feathered headdress. In 1856 a different Indian head was used, but both coins stayed the same on the reverse side.
Liberty head on one side and a wreath surrounding the number one on the reverse. In 1854 the Liberty head was changed to an Indian wearing a feathered headdress. In 1856 a different Indian head was used, but both coins stayed the same on the reverse side.
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| Double Eagle- 1875 |
Other coins included the “eagle,” a gold piece
worth ten dollars which had a Liberty head on the front and an eagle on the
back. The twenty dollar gold piece also had a Liberty head on the front and an eagle on
the back. It was known as a “double eagle.” Between 1839 and 1866, the
“half-eagle” was worth $5.00 and had a Grecian head on the back. From 1866 to 1908 it was an eagle. The
“quarter eagle” worth $2.50 also had the Liberty head on one side.
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| Private collection-used with permission |
The silver dollar included a flying eagle on the
reverse and a seated Liberty on the face. “In God We Trust” was added in 1872.
So at the time of my novel, when the cow puncher
headed into town, he carried his wages in coin, which he kept in a poke, or
purse, or a draw-string pocket bag. When
he made a purchase, in lieu of the fractional currency used back East, cartridges
of standard sizes were acceptable.
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| Private collection-used with permission |
From the refuge of shadow, Ryder MacKenzie leaned into the light. "I'll raise you two." He tossed two silver dollars in succession toward the center of the table. A soft chinking sound followed each coin as it hit the pile of, what was for most men, a month's wages. --A Tarnished Knight
Sources:
McCutcheon, Mark, The Writer’s Guide to Everyday
Life in the 1800’s, Writers Digest Books, Cincinnati, OH, 1993
Foster-Harris, William, The Look of the Old West,
Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2007
Rollins, Philip Ashton, The Cowboy his
Characteristics, His Equipment, and His Part in the Development of the West,
Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2007
